A fundamental study of the role of higher education and universities in the job and psychological security of young people.

Obtaining a degree is one of the most important dreams of every young Iranian, and in this regard, drawing a future perspective for life and career becomes even more important. In the handbook for selecting subjects for the entrance exam, there are a certain number of academic fields in which the labor market and job functions of each field are mentioned in detail. For example, under the field of law, it is explained that graduates will work in judicial centers or notary offices or law firms…

 توضیحات ارائه شده در خصوص آینده شغلی افراد شاید تاحدی آرمانی و غیر واقع به نظر برسد. از سویی اشباع بازار کار و حجم انبوه فارغ التحصیلان در نگاه اول، دورنمائی ناامیدکننده از اشتغال فارغ التحصیلان را به تصویر می کشد به خصوص که مشکلات استخدامی و موانع قانونی فراروی آن امکان دسترسی به شغل دولتی را برای فارغ التحصیلان تا حد زیادی کاهش داده است. افزایش میزان فارغ التحصیلان در رشته های مختلف صرفنظر از ابعاد و پیامدهای اجتماعی آن تا حد زیادی اقتصاد کشور را تحت الشعاع قرار می دهد. ایجاد مشاغل کاذب و شاغل شدن در حرفه ای به غیر از رشته تحصیلی، علاوه بر آنکه نیروی کار اقتصادی یک کشور را به شدت توسعه نیافته معرفی می کند، در نامتوازن شدن وضع اقتصادی کشور نیز تاثیر بسزائی دارد…
● اوضاع نسبتا بد فارغ التحصیلان پزشکی
دیرزمانی برخی رشته های تحصیلی مثل کشاورزی و شیمی بیشترین میزان فارغ التحصیلان بیکار را شامل می شد اما متاسفانه با گذشت زمان، حجم قابل ملاحظه ای از فارغ التحصیلان رشته های پایه نیز به جمع بیکاران تحصیلکرده اضافه شدند. “پزشکی” از جمله این رشته ها است که بنابر اعلام آمارهای غیر رسمی نزدیک به ۳۵ درصد فارغ التحصیلان رشته پزشکی در مشاغل غیر مرتبط مشغول بکار هستند. این امر در سایر رشته ها نیز قابل مشاهده است بطوریکه می توان گفت انتقال نیروی کار تحصیل کرده و غیر ماهر به بخشهای خدماتی از سال ۷۹ تا ۸۵ با افزایش سرسام آور ۶۸ درصدی روبرو بوده است.
● مدرک تحصیلی دیگر جایگاهی ندارد
از دگر سو، حجیم شدن بخشهای خدماتی متاسفانه شانیت مدرک تحصیلی در کشور را به شدت تحتالشعاع قرار داده و آینده ناامیدکننده ای را برای فارغالتحصیلان جویای کار بوجود آورده است. این معضل فراگیر متاسفانه در میان بخش زیادی از فارغ التحصیلان با معدل خوب نیز دیده می شود. دانشجویانی که دوره لیسانس رابه اتمام می رسانند و بلافاصله در مقطع تحصیلات تکمیلی مشغول به تحصیل می شوند، پس از فراغت از تحصیل، در رشته مورد نظر خود از مهارت و توانائی کافی برخوردار نیستند. فارغ التحصیلان صرف داشتن مدرک تحصیلی بالا گمان می کنند که بلافاصله پس از فراغت از تحصیل به شدت مورد توجه ارگان ها و بخشهای دولتی و غیر دولتی قرار خواهند گرفت غافل از اینکه مدرک زدگی جائی برای کیمیا پنداشتن مدرک تحصیلی باقی نگذاشته است.
‌● حلقه مفقوده کجاست؟
در جامعه ایران تخصص در هر رشته تحصیلی حرف نخست را می زند. به عنوان مثال کسی که فارغ التحصیل روزنامه نگاری است اگر در خلال تحصیل در حرفه خبرنگاری یا روزنامه نگاری به کار مشغول شود، پس از فراغت از تحصیل به سرعت در شغل مرتبط مشغول به کار خواهد شد. به همین نسبت در سایر رشته ها اگر آموزش مهارت ضمن تحصیل در بطن برنامه های درسی گنجانده شود، مشکل رویاروئی با حجم انبوه فارغالتحصیلان در بازار کار خود به خود و تا حدی حل خواهد شد. کارورزی به دانشجو امکان می دهد تا داشته های ذهنی خود را به اجرا در آورد، مهارت های شغلی را یاد بگیرد، با همکارانش در محیط کارورزی ارتباط موثر برقرار کند، شبکه سازی انجام دهد تا پس از فارغ التحصیلی از این شبکه برای یافتن شغل استفاده کند. همچنین به نظر می رسد اگر دانشگاه این احساس نیاز را در دانشجو بوجود بیاورد که برای ورود به بازار کار باید آنچه را که در کارورزی بصورت تئوری می آموزد، به صورت عملی اجرا کند، آنوقت دانشجو قدر هر ثانیه دوره کارورزی خود را خواهد دانست. متاسفانه کارآموزی در سیستم آموزش عالی ایران چندان از سوی دانشجویان جدی گرفته نمی شود و به نظر می رسد دلیل این امر عدم آشنایی دانشجویان با ضرورت آمادگی شغلی در دوران دانشجویی و عدم اطلاع از نقش حیاتی کارورزی در آمادگی شغلی باشد.
● مسافر کشی مقصد نخست!
مقوله پر اهمیت آموزش نیروی کار را از یک سو و برقراری تعادل در میزان مشاغل موجود در سطح جامعه از سوئی دیگر، ضرورت توجه جدی سیاستگذاران به مساله اشتغال جوانان را دو چندان می کند. به باور بسیاری از کارشناسان اجتماعی، اشتغال فارغ التحصیلان در حرفه ای نا متناسب با مدرک تحصیلی هر قدر هم که درآمدزا باشد به نوعی بیکاری محسوب می شود. بر اساس یک تحقیق میدانی، از میان ده ها فارغ التحصیل دانشگاه در بین آقایان و در تهران، مسافر کشی و کار در آژانس نخستین مقصد شغلی فارغ التحصیلان بیکار محسوب می شود. طبق این ارزیابی فقدان تخصص و مهارت، اصلی ترین دلیل گرایش فارغالتحصیلان بیکار به شغل مسافر کشی و کار در آژانس است. پروسه طولانی انعقاد قرار داد کاری با افراد، احساس ناخوشایند زیر دست بودن، تردد در مجموعه همکاران سطح پائین به لحاظ علمی و عدم درک و اجر گذاری کارفرمایان به مدرک تحصیلی افراد از اصلی ترین عوامل گرایش به مشاغل مورد اشاره بوده است. همچنین مطابق آمارهای رسمی، ۷۶ درصد فارغ التحصیلان دانشگاه ها فاقد مهارت و تخصص در رشته تحصیلی خود بوده و بر همین اساس اجبارا پس از فراغت از تحصیل در مشاغل غیر مرتبط مشغول بکار می شوند. معاون برنامه ریزی، منابع انسانی و سیاستگذاری اشتغال وزارت کار و امور اجتماعی می گوید سهم بیکاران دارای مدرک تحصیلی طی سال های ۷۵ تا ۸۰، افزایش ۷۰ درصدی داشته و همچنان نیز در حال افزایش است.
● بیکاری دانشگاه رفته ها،  ۵ برابر بیشتر از دانشگاه نرفته ها
متوسط رشد ذخیره بیکاران کشور ۱۴ درصد و متوسط رشد ذخیره بیکاران دارای مدارک دانشگاهی ۷۰ درصد است و بنابراین متوسط ذخیره بیکاری در کشور برای دانشگاهیان ۵ برابر بیشتر است. بر اساس اعلام رسمی وزارت کار و امور اجتماعی نرخ بیکاری زنان در شرایط کنونی حادتر از نرخ بیکاری مردان است چون نرخ بیکاری زنان در تمامی سنین در بالاترین حد آن قرار دارد. یکی از علل مهم افزایش بیکاری در بین فارغ التحصیلان متناسب نبودن رشته ها و آموزش های دانشگاهی با نیاز بازار کار است، انتزاعی بودن متون درسی دانشگاه ها و تطبیق نداشتن آنها با واقعیت های اجتماعی علت مهم دیگری است که به بیکاری فارغ التحصیلان دامن می زند. با این حال واقعیت آن است که فراگیری حرفه های مختلف و کسب تخصص در زمینه های گوناگون در حین تحصیل می تواند بار اقتصادی و روانی ناشی از بیکاری فارغ التحصیلان را کاهش دهد. از این منظر باید گفت که آموزش نیروی کار کماکان حلقه مفقوده نظام آموزشی کشور محسوب شده و چنانچه متولیان در برنامه های دراز مدت به امر آموزش حین تحصیل دانشجویان توجه جدی داشته باشند پدیده بیکاری فارغ التحصیلان تبعات زیان باری کمتری خواهد داشت.

Now that the market for regular university education has decreased with the quantitative development of Payam Noor University, etc., and the issuance of unqualified academic degrees has spread from Azad University to public universities, it is necessary to reduce the quality and increase the quantity of postgraduate education at Azad University, sell other unsupported academic degrees to applicants at a low price, and shoot the final shot at the country's higher education system, and save this dying body from gradual exhaustion. And instead of hundreds of thousands of unemployed bachelors, should we have several hundred thousand unemployed doctorates and do the same thing we did with the country's national money?

Today, the need to pay attention to modern science and technology for the development and prosperity of the country is no secret to anyone. In principle, the universities of any country are considered the basis and tool for this development. The increase in the educated and university class as well as the increase in graduates of postgraduate courses at the master's and doctoral levels can not only lead to the cultural growth and advancement of the country, but can also be a pioneer in economic and social development. Just as the existence of money and capital is one of the primary needs for the development of countries.

But the fundamental question is, if capital is essential for the development of countries, can governments print more money to make this capital available to their production sector and develop the country? And if this solution were practical, why don't the vast majority of underdeveloped and indebted countries in the world solve this problem directly with a simple order to their central banks?

Of course, if the answer to this question is difficult for ordinary people in other countries, it is clear to the people of our country, who have lived a lifetime with double-digit inflation. They have experienced the decline in the value of unbacked banknotes, which in technical terms are called government borrowing from the central bank, especially in 2012 and 2013. Every Iranian who has visited an exchange office in a large or small neighboring or non-neighboring country has seen and shuddered at the humiliation of the Iranian rial against the credible currencies of others.

A similar situation exists with regard to university degrees. If this degree, which certifies that its holder has a certain level (associate, bachelor, master and doctorate) of science in a particular field, is true, of course, the existence of a large number of them will increase the scientific level of society and the development of the country. But if the increase in the number of admissions and graduates of universities is done without considering the facilities and quality level and solely for economic reasons and profit-making, will it turn the degree issued by universities into a worthless piece of paper, one of which can be found in anyone's pocket?

Of course, the philosophy of establishing and existing an open university is worthy of appreciation, as it could and does cover a large part of the demand for university education without any pressure on the country's public budget by increasing the productivity of the country's scientific capacity. But will excessive attention to quantitative development for the purpose of earning income and neglecting qualitative development ( a 281 percent increase in doctoral capacity in October of this year) result in irreparable damage to industry, production, capital, and even the health of our country's people?

Woe to the patient whose surgeon has not studied and has torn open his stomach with a fake degree. A factory whose manager has no knowledge of management, an engineer who has not designed the building or factory properly, a university professor who teaches false doctrines to students in class, and woe to the people who are ruled by a government that has no knowledge of governance, all of whom are sitting in power with unsupported degrees from these universities.

University units whose facilities are less than those of a high school and lack access to the Internet, databases, and scientific journals for professors and students, and lack competent faculty, and do not have the necessary budget and means to attract guest and temporary faculty. And if they attract them, they pay the teachers' tuition fees (and that too only to the extent of their travel expenses) after a few years, and issue master's degrees and perhaps doctorates. For graduate students who not only lack fast enough Internet access at university and at home, but also have difficulty accessing the Internet even in their own city. Students who are not proficient in English (as the first research tool) and are incapable of basic computer and Internet skills, themselves and sometimes their professors are unaware of the alphabet of research methods. They write theses that are all defended with a score of 19-20. And of course, the students themselves did not write this. They paid one person to go to an Internet cafe and find a few articles for him, and they paid another to translate them for him. To reduce the cost of the project, instead of the results of the experiments, they replaced the real numbers with hypothetical figures. They gave the statistical analysis and someone else put things together. Then they gave him a score of 19.5 and gave him sweets and congratulations and…

This situation is related to before the threefold increase in capacity this year. In the Azad University entrance exam this year, everyone who registered was accepted, but there was still excess capacity (read: income deficit) and they invited everyone to come. Even someone whose entrance exam score was not zero, but negative, was accepted to go and get a master's degree and doctorate, God willing.

Of course, it may be said that in developed countries, universities that do not have entrance exams are easy for everyone to enter, but it is difficult to graduate. However, it should be noted that in these countries

· First, only those who are interested in obtaining a university degree apply for it. Not for the sake of getting a job, escaping the environment and restrictions of home and family, or finding a spouse, or because of excessive unemployment, or in the hope of obtaining a study visa.

· Second, the university does not instill in the professor that everyone must pass the exams so that our customers do not get scattered.

· Third, they have facilities, laboratories, and faculty in proportion to their needs.

· Fourth, a professor of subject X is not made a supervisor of subject Y.

· Fifth, they pay professors and often students enough to do research and teach, and education and teaching are not their only jobs.

· Sixth, the educational system is such that the possibility of creating marginal relationships between professors and students in giving and receiving grades is minimized, and professors cannot graduate students or publish articles by collusion or without reading their dissertations.

· Seventh, there is software that greatly eliminates the possibility of cheating from both professors and students.

· Eighth, even at a paid university, students only pay tuition and not the direct cost of their project experiments, which can cost more if they do more research and less if they don't do it at all.

· In the squares of his city, advertisements for the sale of student theses do not wear down the spirits of passersby.

Unfortunately, most of these points are not followed in our private and even some public universities. I don't know if I should laugh or cry at this situation.

Of course, this article does not mean to question the value of all the educational qualifications of millions of Iranians who have graduated from the country's universities. There are many who, under these unfavorable conditions, have the best education, research, and teaching at public or private universities, and are the pride of Iranians in domestic and foreign forums. But how can we distinguish these few or many from the thousands of holders of degrees that have been issued unjustly? When you visit a doctor, can you ask about the place of study and the quality of his education? Can you verify the qualifications of the degree of an engineer who designs a building tower in your area? And be sure that you will be safe during an earthquake? If the country's economic consultants wrote a prescription to cure the country's ailing economy, can you be sure that this prescription will not cause the death of your ailing economy?

Scientific aspirations in the shadow of addressing quantitativeism

When in 1990, the then president decided to increase the PhD admission capacity in public universities by 100 percent overnight with a decree, it is not surprising that three years later, the Azad University doubled its admission capacity for 2014, on the same basis. Now, if PhD classes were to be increased from a maximum of 7 people to 30 people, there would be no problem!

In July 2011, then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Chairman of the Supreme Council for the Cultural Revolution announced in a decision that the admission capacity would be increased from 5,600 to 10,000. This increase was approved at that meeting of the Supreme Council for the Cultural Revolution, and it was decided to increase the number of 14,000 people who had been invited for interviews to 20,000, and finally, the Chairman of the Supreme Council for the Cultural Revolution announced that he had given a favorable promise for the government to support this measure.

At the same time, major universities approached the issue with skepticism and acknowledged that accepting doctoral students would increase the scientific and research level of universities, but without the infrastructure of a laboratory, a library, a simple Internet site, and most importantly, a professor to guide this number of students, none of Iran's scientific dreams would be realized.

At the same time, topics such as the high number of unemployed doctors in the future, the problems that will arise in terms of employment and employment of these people in society, and the fate of unemployed bachelors awaiting these doctors were considered, but higher education system officials paid little attention to this issue.

Now, in 2014, the Free University, with a similar action to the same decision that some had called foolish, strengthened this army of unemployed people! Accepting twice the number of PhD students in 2014 has resulted in a doctoral class in a typical unit such as Tehran Research Sciences being formed at the same size as a bachelor's class with 26 to 35 students, and professors are unwilling to teach in classes with such density.

According to the educational regulations for doctoral students, the goal of admission to this level is to "train individuals who, by mastering scientific works in a specific field, becoming familiar with advanced research methods, and achieving the latest foundations of education and research, can be effective in meeting the needs of the country and expanding the boundaries of knowledge in their specialized field, and achieve new things in the world through innovation in scientific research fields."

Students of the first group of dissidents

On the other hand, there are opinions that quantity can be the key to quality, but all of them depend on the facilities, and among them, the first dissatisfied group are doctoral students who have to pay at least 6 million Tomans per semester. Field observations show that in most fields, the capacity has increased by at least three times compared to the previous period.

There are also two groups of dissatisfied students. The first group are those who entered before 2014, who believe that this number will create many problems for the continuation of their education, making classrooms crowded and professors' work more difficult for students to do research, and the second group are those who entered in 2014, who say that this admission method will stigmatize them as illiterate.

Student recruitment problems for professors

Currently, about 35 to 40 percent of the faculty members of the Azad University are assistant professors and above, and according to the doctoral education regulations of this university, the education of doctoral students must be carried out by faculty members who are at least assistant professors who have three years of experience teaching master's students or higher. Each assistant professor can also supervise a maximum of 8 master's or doctoral students, depending on the basis of his/her educational group. Now we can see what educational problems the volume of new doctoral students will cause. It is possible that the admission ceiling for some professors will be reached in the next two academic semesters, which will deprive other students of the supervision of that professor.

30-person PhD classes at the best Azad University branch!

Observations show that admissions are still ongoing! Currently, in the doctoral classes for the 2014 intake, where up to 45 people have been accepted in some fields and majors this year, research methods classes, which some call an important and common course among different majors, are being held with 30 students.

Reducing the acceptance rate

An unfortunate incident that occurred in this year's PhD admissions at Azad University is the reduction in the acceptance threshold, which has resulted in most of the people who took the exam and even had no hope of being accepted being accepted in this period after the interview. It is true that the officials justify that they have made more people interested in continuing their studies in Iran, but they have not had the facilities to the extent of a third of these people who have accepted this number. A simple example is access to library resources, which is not sufficient for even a tenth of the existing number.

This is while at the time of announcing the registration for the 2014 PhD exam, Naser Eghbali, the then head of the Azad University Examination Center, had announced the admission of about 5,000 people in two rounds to the 2014 PhD exam at Islamic Azad University. He had said that more than 70,000 people had registered for this exam and that in the first stage, 8,000 participants would be invited for interviews and 2,200 would be accepted for the first round. In the non-exam round, about 13,000 people had registered, and 2,000 of them would be introduced for interviews, and ultimately 550 would be accepted. The number of PhD programs is 196, which is an increase of 20 programs compared to last year, and the number of local programs has also increased by 39 to 408 local programs.

Forming a committee in the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution to examine the extent of increasing the doctoral capacity of Azad University

After expressing criticism about increasing capacity, an article was posted on the Azad University website stating that the Acting Minister of Science, Research and Technology had stated regarding the increase in student admissions to postgraduate courses at Islamic Azad University that this issue was done with the approval of the Ministry of Science and, in our opinion, is completely legal.

However, Mohammad Ali Najafi, the acting Minister of Science, Research and Technology, announced the formation of a committee in the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution to examine the extent of the increase in doctoral capacity by Azad University, and said: "A reference should finally conduct a detailed study on this matter and its results will be announced." This issue was raised in the previous session of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, and it was decided to form a committee in this council with the presence of representatives of the Azad University, the Ministry of Science, Health and Treatment, and members of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution to examine the capacities of the doctoral program at the Azad University.

Najafi added: The president of Azad University has announced several times that the number of accepted doctoral programs is 1.7 times higher than the previous year. That is, it has increased by 70 percent, but the gentlemen who claim to be against Azad University say that this figure is 7 or 8 times higher. It seems that Mr. Mirzadeh's words are more accurate, but because one of the gentlemen in the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution suggested a 7-fold increase, a committee was appointed to look into this issue.

Regarding the doctoral programs, Najafi added: "We have determined a capacity of 12,000 people in the doctoral program for the Azad University in the new academic year, and each of the programs was completely known. However, as for the locations, because the Azad University had some changes, we did not determine the locations. However, our agreement with the Azad University was that after the programs and locations were determined, they would announce it to us and they would have until May 2015 to provide all the minimum standard conditions in terms of professors and ancillary equipment in all programs that accept doctoral programs. Therefore, we are not worried about the situation of the Azad University, but as we said, we are against increasing any capacity for the Azad and non-governmental universities in the current academic year."

All the denials of the president of Azad University 

Dr. Hamid Mirzadeh, the president of the Islamic Azad University, however, has responded to the opponents in a different way. In a sharp statement, he believes that some people today are narrow-mindedly standing against the qualitative development of the Islamic Azad University. His response to the media was as follows: “The criticism was harsh and unfair and shows the hatred and grudge of some of these people and the media. The goal of these people, who have formed a headquarters to destroy the Islamic Azad University, was to create a crisis and chaos in the university, which, by the grace of God, was prevented by the initiative and planning of the university’s ill-wishers.”

The president of the Azad University noted in an article: “This year, 92 percent of doctoral applicants remained behind the doors of Iranian universities. According to the constitution, no one can be prevented from continuing their education. Iranian state universities attract less than 4 percent of applicants due to financial problems, specialized human resources, and the spaces they must equip and prepare for the aforementioned courses. Islamic Azad University also attracted and accepted the same amount, that is, 4 percent of applicants, in 2014. Each student’s departure to continue their studies abroad costs at least 40,000 dollars annually, and for four years, more than 160,000 dollars must be exported from the country for this purpose. If only doctoral applicants who have not been accepted domestically want to go abroad, four billion dollars of foreign exchange must be exported from the country annually. In addition, the cost of those with a master’s degree from elementary school to a master’s degree for the national economy is more than 250,000 dollars. Most of those who leave the country "Their chances of returning are low due to external attractions and internal repulsions."

The university president has emphasized the increase in the capacity of Islamic Azad University in specialized doctoral and master's programs by publishing a letter, a copy of which was published on the Azad University website: "In addition to 12,000 assistant professors, Islamic Azad University has 7,000 doctoral instructors on scholarships, and it will soon be upgraded to a doctoral degree, which will add 12,000 people, and five thousand new faculty members will also be added to the aforementioned group."

Ministry of Science license to Azad University: 1,256 approved specialized doctoral programs with a student enrollment capacity of 12,000.

“According to the records available in 2013, 9,171 students were accepted from the 336 approved fields of study for the specialized doctoral degree, of which 6,978 have registered. In view of the agreements dated 2014/04/03 and 2015/06/17 between the Islamic Azad University and the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology regarding the merger of 41 science and research units and campuses with university units and new approvals by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in 2014, the student admission capacity in the 1,256 approved fields of study for the specialized doctoral degree has increased to 12,000, which is only 1.7 times higher than last year, and the multiple increase is not true. In addition, the drop in enrollment at the Islamic Azad University in previous years has been at least 30 percent compared to the announced admission.”

What do MPs say?

Meanwhile, a few representatives, some of whom are also on the parliamentary education committee, asked Mirzadeh to explain this increase in capacity. He attended the committee meeting, but the representatives were not convinced by his explanation. The representatives believe that the educational conditions for doctoral students are not suitable.

Qasem Jafari, the spokesman for the Parliament's Education and Research Commission, stated the reason for inviting the president of Azad University to the Parliament's commission: "The officials of Azad University must be held accountable for whether the number of professors and academic staff of this university has increased due to this increase in capacity. At the doctoral level, the thesis is worth 20 credits, and those who want to teach at this level have different conditions. Therefore, it must be determined how and with what structure these people will defend their theses with the increase in admissions."

 Concerns about the purely economic perspective of PhD admissions 

 Increasing the capacity to accept students must be consistent with the structure and equipment of the universities, and it must also be determined whether, in addition to accepting this huge volume at the Islamic Azad University, other elements of the university, including the number of faculty members, university facilities, administrative staff, research centers, etc., have been able to create a proportionality. The only aspect of the issue at hand has been the economic aspect.

In fact, the cost of educating students in the doctoral program at Islamic Azad University is about 50 to 60 million Tomans per student. If the increase in the number of admissions to the doctoral program at Islamic Azad University is due to economic issues, a great disaster has occurred. It should be clarified how the Azad University, which has a small faculty, will support the accepted doctoral students when defending their dissertations. Another point is that the Azad University, which has increased the capacity for accepting doctoral students so drastically, has given any thought to the work of individuals, considering that after obtaining a doctoral degree, people's expectations for employment undoubtedly increase.

After Mirzadeh, the president of Azad University, appeared at a meeting of the Parliament's Education Committee, it was reported that the representatives were not convinced by his explanations, and it was decided that Azad University officials would submit the licenses and the exact number of people accepted for the doctoral degree to the commission.

Teachers also joined the ranks of the discontented! 

Some faculty members and professors of the Azad University also considered this increase in capacity illogical. In response to the question of whether they consider this capacity level to be reasonable and in line with the standard, these professors offered their views.

R. Mohammadi, a professor of sociology, says: Increasing the number of students is not a bad thing in itself, but it can also give students more motivation. In this way, the degree will no longer be the criterion here and the individual must demonstrate more ability than the degree in order to excel. But it is important that this number does not lead to a density that makes the task of education more difficult. While now the density has become a tsunami!

He adds: "Currently, undergraduate classes are reasonably large, with 30 to 40 students, but the conditions for graduate studies are different because in this group, the student must interact with the professor, and if the number is large, the professor does not have the opportunity to handle the student's research. It is common in the doctoral program that the student presents one research paper in each academic semester. Can a professor read and discuss this amount of research?"

One of the architecture professors points out in this regard: "Currently, we emphasize the quality of education and believe that students and professors should move towards knowledge-based activities, qualitative research, and problem solving, but with this number of students, none of these things can be achieved."

In small units, one professor teaches all the courses, and in practice, the student is a graduate of that professor, not the university!

The entry of non-specialists is another problem. In one of the Azad University departments, architecture courses are taught by unrelated faculty members. Or in some smaller university departments, only one professor teaches all architecture courses and in practice the student is a graduate of that professor, not the university! Or even in one of the departments in Tehran, a professor of performing arts has taken on the doctoral thesis for architecture! All these issues cause professors to be dissatisfied with this process.

 Ahmadi, a professor of political science, also says in this regard: "All the attention that is given to preventing educated youth from leaving the country cannot be a good justification for the irregular increase in students. It is true that humanities students do not deal with laboratories and experimental materials, but they should also be able to enjoy facilities such as scientific tours in their fields of study. Or at least have the right to choose their professors, and when the number of students is large, the professor is also deprived of the opportunity to better plan the courses for these students."

****** The output of a doctoral program shows the quality of an academic unit. If we accept a large number of students by lowering the entry threshold, we must graduate them in any way possible. So, in fact, we have unconsciously sacrificed quality for quantity, and this is not consistent with the statements of the officials who have increased the quality level. This causes the student to be educated by an unrelated professor. Now, how should we call this method doctoral education?

Another professor who is a faculty member of the Azad University in one of the big cities says: We cannot give PhD students to departments that have only accepted three or four master's students. What has happened at the Azad University is that due to the consolidation of departments and the increase in the number of local fields, more departments have accepted PhD students, which may not be bad in itself, but this level of education should have been considered with special sensitivity and not treated like the undergraduate level. In the past, selected departments that were in better condition in terms of professors and equipment could accept PhD students because this student was considered an educational and research asset for that university, but unfortunately, now it has become only a source of tuition.

Unfortunately, we have built the pillar of science on the roof of our livelihoods.

In fact, it seems that the purpose of training a PhD student in the country is twofold. To train an individual who will pave the way for the goals of the country and pursue the sacred goals of the same system in the Islamic system. Another is that training a PhD student is financially beneficial for a private university because tuition fees make the university system move. In fact, both the individual becomes educated and the university benefits, but now, considering that tuition fees are high at the Islamic Azad University, only the second goal may be achieved. Because the university has the basic facilities, including professors and faculty, to classify a PhD student as an educated person.

What has happened is that, unfortunately, Azad University has accepted 27 PhD students in fields that lack faculty members! How many faculty members are there in the entire Azad University in the field of architecture? About 30 times more and nearly 400 PhD students have been accepted? These faculty members are not machines that go to both the Science and Research Unit, the North Unit, and the Saveh Unit during the day! In addition, the rank of assistant professor, associate professor, professor, and teaching department and other requirements are also effective in attracting PhDs, which has not been seen in this direction.

On the other hand, Azad University officials believe that they have prevented the outflow of foreign currency. This means that instead of a person going abroad and spending $50,000, they can spend $20,000 on a PhD with a tuition fee of $7 million per semester.

But is this a good justification? Shouldn't we have scientific interaction with the world and create conditions to use current knowledge and train these PhD students in this way. In this country, we spend thousands of dollars to import high-end cars, shouldn't foreign exchange be exported for a PhD student who can bring current technology and knowledge to the country? This is not a reason to produce doctors.

Currently, the Sharif University website lists the names of their professors, all of whom studied abroad, who have returned despite all the hardships, are serving, and are earning money.

Although unfortunately the president of Azad University said that our critics are the unknown soldiers of America, silence in the face of great betrayals to this country is painful.

Let's review some points together.

A:
First, the president of Azad University admitted that half of the units of Azad University are going bankrupt, so the capacity of postgraduate education must be increased. Second, they said that tuition fees for Azad University are like lunch and dinner, so this shows that the problem and concern is money. Third, in exchange for attracting students, the ladder and pyramid of faculty must also change, while doctoral graduates of this same Azad University are still unemployed, especially those who entered in 88 and 87. So how can the university attract 200 people in a master's program while each group has only one faculty member? How can the universities of Yasuj, Hamedan, Shahrood, etc. establish a doctorate in philosophy of art while they have no faculty members? Isn't this against the laws? Azad University refuses to buy disposable cups for drinking water and a paper towel for the table in the university's professors' room, it spends its days with the least and oldest facilities. Then how can it educate so many doctoral students? Why lie? Why justify?
If there is such a bond of friendship and brotherhood between the Ministry of Science and the Free University, why do they argue with each other when recruiting? Governments do not accept the Free Universities, and the Free Universities do not accept the government! If the problem is money and lack of financial resources, why are you still building and buying land??????? And a thousand unanswered questions! All these words are just a justification for the Free University to be able to catch up with regional universities in terms of science. Do you consider the English-speaking and international universities of India to be equal to the Free University????

B: The reason why the educated labor market is in crisis

1- The population with higher education increased 14 times after the revolution, which is about 10 times for men and 23 times for women; however, according to economic and labor market experts, the labor market capacities have not only not made much progress in accepting the flood of job applicants, but have also regressed in some cases.

2- Society has moved from associate's degree education in the 1960s to bachelor's and master's degrees in the 1990s in order to better search for work. In addition to changing society's expectations of work and employment, this has also made it more complicated for people to find work, which is itself a reason for the unemployment crisis for graduates.

3- Over the past decade or two, there has been a strong trend towards certain fields such as commerce, law, engineering, health and medical fields, agriculture, computers, veterinary medicine, educational sciences, etc., which has resulted in an accumulation of job demand for graduates of these fields, making it more difficult to enter the job market, and consequently fueling unemployment among young job seekers.

4- Statistics show that the desire to study in some of these fields has increased exponentially and significantly. For example, the number of applicants for studies in the health and medical fields has increased 17 times, but is there room in the job market for all of these people?

5- Despite the reluctance of most graduates to study in some fields, such as service subgroups, the unemployment rate of graduates in these fields has decreased from 1965 to 1990, and in recent years these fields have enjoyed a better job market. Therefore, the imbalance of education in different fields is also a reason for the problem of employment for graduates.

6- Some academic groups such as agriculture, veterinary medicine and educational sciences have the highest percentage of unemployed, which has various reasons. Basically, in Iran, no monitoring and research of the labor market situation of academic fields is carried out by the government or the universities themselves, and individuals enter universities without any information about the future labor market of their academic fields. Unfortunately, at present, there is no significant database of the labor market situation, needs, student recruitment status, job prospects of job seekers and important and key information of this kind, and choices must be made with their eyes closed.

7- The university fields of study are often not chosen by young people themselves based on the needs of the labor market, and people choose their university fields based on other parameters such as personal interest. This causes a significant percentage of job seekers to face serious problems when searching for a job; although interest and inclination towards the field of study motivates people to study and work cannot proceed without interest, but in the current conditions of the labor market, a combination of interest and the labor market of the fields must be pursued.

8- For unknown reasons, the economic participation rate of people with higher education has decreased from 68.9% in 1986 to 48% in 1991, which means that a significant percentage of educated people are confused and unplanned about their future.

9- Unemployment among people with higher education quadrupled between 1965 and 1990; however, universities continue to recruit students and the queue for university admissions is still there. It may also be time for a significant portion of post-secondary education to be directed toward technical and vocational fields.

10- If universities are to continue their competitive approach to attracting students, someone must also plan for the job market for university graduates in a way that either halts the admission of millions of students for a few years or provides new job opportunities for individuals to enter the job market.

Another disaster: government manipulation of the definition of employed

Until 2004, the unemployment rate index was defined as any person who worked 2 days a week was considered employed. In 2004 (the eighth government), the definition of the unemployment rate was changed.
Many believe that this change was made by the ninth government to understate the unemployment rate in the country. These changes have been included in the statistics since the spring of 2005. Currently, according to the government's definition, anyone who works at least one hour a week is considered employed. The Statistics Center of Iran announced that the change in the unemployment rate in the eighth government was in line with the standards of the International Labor Organization and only caused a 1% change in the unemployment rate, and that was a one-time change;
The center also announced that the previous definition did not allow for the assessment of some jobs that worked less than 16 hours a week. This issue was also considered in the 2009 presidential election.

* But we must know that these unwise actions will have a destructive and irreversible impact on society as a whole, and especially on the graduating generation. 

Unemployment has a close relationship with suicide;

Experts have been studying the relationship between unemployment and suicide rates for years, and recent studies have confirmed the close relationship between the two variables. Although experts generally consider mental illness to be the main factor in a person's decision to commit suicide, studies show that unemployment is one of the factors that, along with other factors, is very effective in encouraging and determining a person to commit suicide. According to the Huffington Post, Robert DeFina and Lance Hannon from Villanova University in the United States measured the relationship between unemployment and suicide rates in a research project. According to this study, unemployment and reduced economic security play a decisive role in intensifying the tendency to commit suicide. In fact, this study showed that various economic factors are involved in the impact of unemployment on suicide rates, including economic recession, changes in welfare, economic and employment policies, and the issue of job security.

In addition to the significant impact of economic security on reducing suicide rates, health and social security also play an important role in this regard, especially in developed countries. According to a study conducted in 2011 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), unemployment rates increased sharply in this year due to poor economic conditions. According to the report of the center, suicide is one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States.

Types of unemployment

1- Frictional unemployment:

The unemployed are those who have jobs available but have not yet found them. When people are looking for a job, they are unemployed for a period of time, which is called frictional unemployment. Employed people may also quit their jobs to find a better job and look for work for a period of time, during which time they are experiencing frictional unemployment.
2- Cyclical unemployment:

 This unemployment occurs during a recession. During a recession, production decreases. Therefore, employment decreases and unemployment occurs. In other words, unemployment that occurs during a recession is called cyclical unemployment. The way to combat this type of unemployment is to adopt expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to increase aggregate demand, which in turn increases national production and employment.
3- Structural unemployment:

 This unemployment arises due to the economic structure. One type of this unemployment is technological unemployment. With changing technology, some jobs are eliminated and new jobs are created. If people who have lost their jobs cannot receive the necessary training and find new jobs, they become unemployed, which is called structural unemployment.

Hidden unemployed are people who have jobs but do not play a role in production. For example, if a company has 100 people working and the same production can be done with 80 people, it is said that 20 of them are hidden unemployed.
4- Seasonal unemployment:

The unemployed are those who become unemployed during certain seasons of the year due to the seasonal nature of their jobs. For example, ski resort workers are unemployed in the summer or construction workers are unemployed during the cold seasons of the year, which is known as seasonal unemployment.
5- Overt and hidden unemployment:

The openly unemployed are those who do not have a job. Cyclical, structural, seasonal and frictional unemployment are types of openly unemployed. The hidden unemployed are those who have a job but do not play a role in production. For example, if a company has 100 people working and the same production can be done with 80 people, it is said that 20 of them are hidden unemployed. Of course, hidden unemployment is not calculated in statistics, but in some research, estimates of this type of unemployment are provided.

Reasons for unemployment:

1- Ineffective policies of the government and officials in creating jobs

2- International sanctions

3- Domestic economic abusers of the country

4- Economy dependent on a single product such as oil

5- Misdefinition and lack of correct understanding of Article 44 of the Constitution and its lack of proper implementation

6- Lack of government support for industries, manufacturing workshops, agriculture, and services, and lack of oversight over their performance.

7- Providing the country's capital to a few of the country's capitalists in the name of exemplary and successful entrepreneurs, following the implementation of Article 44 of the Constitution.

8- Inflation and daily price increases due to lack of government oversight due to domestic abusers and sanctions from European and American countries.

9- Focusing support on a limited number of jobs and specific segments of society, such as government employees and managers.

Effects of unemployment:

1- Increase in addiction, crime and delinquency in society

2- Increasing age of marriage and divorce and the collapse of the family foundation

3- Increase in mental and social illnesses in society

4- Increasing class differences in society

5- The uncontrolled import of low-quality foreign goods into the country and the overflow of the country's capital to countries that export goods into our country, such as China.

6- Employers' abuse of workers, failure to pay the rights and entitlements of employed individuals, especially in the private sector, due to the large labor force in society.

7- Promoting the culture of slavery in the country legally: Because the government has no oversight over the private sectors in this regard and has left them to their own devices.

8- Promoting the ugly and disgusting culture of peddling and begging in society.

Factors affecting employment and unemployment

-Some factors affecting employment include: talent, interests, expertise, job opportunities, family, economic factors, and the social status of the job.

-Some of the factors of unemployment include: population growth and decrease in mortality, migration of rural people to cities, growth and advancement of technology and consequently replacement of industrial machinery instead of human labor, mismatch between the needs of the labor market and what is taught in schools and universities. Low investment rate or lack of optimal use of investments made in non-industrialized countries, lack of expertise and skills of the labor force in underdeveloped countries, lack of proper planning for the country's economic development, insufficient attention to the tourism industry as one of the employment-generating jobs, imbalance in the economic system meaning greater profitability of commercial activities compared to production jobs and as a result, less tendency of the labor force towards production jobs or weak growth of the cooperative sector compared to the commercial sector, and excessive attention to commercial and brokerage activities instead of giving importance to the agricultural sector.

Some of the most important solutions to solving the problem of unemployment and effective employment of youth include: expanding technical and vocational training, optimal use of oil revenues, reducing illiteracy and poverty in deprived areas so that people can benefit as much as possible from new technologies in order to produce more and reduce consumerism, appropriate use of leisure time to form a career identity in young people, early retirement of the workforce to create job opportunities for young people, legal provisions to prohibit working more than a certain number of hours and also holding more than one job by one person.

Establishing career counseling offices and supporting young job seekers, encouraging the private sector to implement employment-generating projects, creating favorable laws to attract foreign investment, establishing a youth employment investment fund and supporting self-employment and entrepreneurship projects, paying attention to small employment-generating industries that require less investment, and making labor laws more flexible to increase employers' willingness to recruit workers.

 Expanding work-from-home projects, annually reviewing and evaluating the jobs needed by society in the coming years, and coordinating the number of student admissions in each field of study with existing needs, paying systematic and special attention to the category of internships in universities, developing the tourism industry, carrying out administrative and legal reforms to eliminate cumbersome regulations and unnecessary bureaucracy in order to encourage investment and protect the rights of investors in order to strengthen productive industries, as well as planning to improve the quality of goods and increase competitiveness in the production sectors in order to create opportunities for exporting goods and gaining a greater share in the global market.

Social consequences of unemployment

The analysis of the consequences of unemployment can only be properly understood in terms of what having a job provides for a person. Six main characteristics of wage employment are worth noting here:

1. Money: Wages or salaries are the main source that most people depend on to meet their needs. Without such income, anxieties about making ends meet usually increase.

2. Level of activity: Employment often provides the basis for the acquisition and application of skills and abilities. Even in cases where work is monotonous and routine, it provides a structured environment in which an individual's energy can be absorbed. Without employment, the opportunity to apply such skills and abilities may be diminished.

3. Variety: Employment provides access to contexts that are different from home environments. In the workplace, even when tasks are relatively boring, people may enjoy doing something different from their home tasks.
Unemployment deprives an individual of this diverse source of support from the home environment.

4. Time Structure: For people with regular employment, the day is usually organized around a work rhythm. Although this can sometimes be imposed, it provides a sense of direction in daily activities. People without work often find life boring and develop a sense of indifference to time.

5. Social contacts: The workplace often provides friendships and opportunities to engage in shared activities with others. Outside of the workplace, a person's circle of potential friends and acquaintances may gradually narrow.

6. Personal identity: Employment is often valued for the sense of enduring social identity it provides. For men in particular, self-esteem is often linked to the economic role they play in providing for their families. Given this list, it is not difficult to see why unemployment might erode people’s confidence in their social worth.

 Causes of unemployment in Iran

• Uncontrolled imports and failure to support domestic production and industry

The issuance of numerous licenses in various sectors for uncontrolled imports into the country, the lack of banking support in providing liquidity and working capital to units, sanctions, and the increase in the price of raw materials for production are factors that have severely threatened the country's employment in recent years .

• Population growth over the past thirty years and lack of adequate employment provisions

According to this report, 500,000 to 600,000 new workers enter the market annually, without any new job opportunities being created during this period, thus adding 500,000 to 600,000 people to Iran's unemployed population every year.

* Low economic growth

The country's low economic growth has been cited as the second most important factor in the high unemployment rate in Iran.

To attract all the applicants who enter the job market each year, Iran's economic growth needs to reach at least eight percent.

The Fars News Agency reported that the country's economic growth rate in 2009 was only 2 percent, which means that there is still a long way to go to achieve the desired situation.

The government's lack of attention to entrepreneurial projects has been cited as another reason for the high unemployment rate in Iran. According to the report, due to the state-run nature of the Iranian economy, a large volume of capital is directed towards capital-intensive industries such as oil and gas, steel, petrochemicals, and military industries, and this has led to the government's inattention to entrepreneurial projects, resulting in a high unemployment rate.

Over the past 10 years, the Iranian government has tried to expand university spaces and slow down the movement of this huge flood into the world of the unemployed, with the aim of controlling the flood of young job seekers into the labor market.

* Increase in the number of students

According to this report, over the past 10 years, the Iranian government has tried to expand university spaces and slow down the movement of this huge flood into the world of the unemployed, with the aim of controlling the flood of young job seekers into the labor market.
The result of this weakness of the education system, coupled with the lack of suitable job opportunities, is that many educated young people have now turned to jobs unrelated to their education, such as taxi driving or shopping.

• Saturation of government agencies

The filling of the recruitment capacity in government agencies has been identified as another factor in the increase in unemployment. Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution and especially after the end of the war, increasing the number of government employees was placed on the agenda of Iranian government officials.

Now, on the one hand, the recruitment capacity of government agencies has reached its limit, and on the other hand, a heavy financial burden has been imposed on the Iranian government as a result of recruiting too many personnel.

 Factors exacerbating unemployment in Iran

A- The outflow of capital and foreign exchange from the country during and after the recent struggles, and the consequent decrease in private sector investment, especially in urban areas, and the impossibility of using fixed (construction) capital in the public sector due to the inadequacy of production in the country's large industrial workshops and the fall in industrial production by 20 percent compared to the first six months of 1978.

B- Intensification of inflation - increase in wages and, as a result, increase in capital costs and production costs.

C- Dependence on primary raw materials from foreign countries and fragmentation in the country's foreign trade affairs.

D- Changes in the country's currency and customs policies and changes in the manner and process of commercial exchanges.

E - Reduction in banking, tourist, domestic, and transportation services.

F- Reduction in construction activities due to the existence of unfinished construction work and the uncertainty of ownership in the private sector.

G- Severe labor density in government service sectors and agricultural sectors, and property disputes between landowners and farmers in some regions of the country, and the stagnation of these lands in rural areas.

H- Incompatibility of some activities with Islamic standards.

I- Lack of infrastructure facilities and facilities in many rural areas of the country for the establishment and attraction of new workers.

Y- The severe pressure of existing regulations on workers' social insurance on small, job-generating workshops and the inability of the owners of such workshops to pay the 20 percent employer contribution due to their low profitability (under current production conditions).

From the perspective of sociologists and psychologists, unemployment is one of the important roots of crime and deviance in society. Unemployment causes unemployed individuals to be attracted to coffee shops and gathering places of criminals and gradually fall into the lap of various social deviances. In addition, because unemployment is the basis for many social deviations, people with a previous background steal to earn more money; because a person has to make a living in any way possible due to not having a job and a stable income to cover living expenses. From the perspective of such a person, crime seems to be the most reasonable and best way. Unemployment also leads such people to non-productive jobs such as:

It leads to second-hand selling and smuggling and causes a higher prevalence of mental disorders in unemployed people than in employed people. Of course, according to research by the Allen Bach Institute for Surveys in Germany, it is not only the unemployed who suffer from this social phenomenon, but also their children who face many problems. The children of unemployed people get sick earlier than others and their illnesses recover later. Depression and various allergies are also more visible among them than other children. So in general, it can be said that the increase in the country's young population, the decrease in the employment rate and the increase in unemployment can lead to economic crises, the spread of crime, elite immigration and other unfortunate political and social consequences. If we want to have a comprehensive and socially friendly definition of unemployment, the unemployed are someone or people who do not have any source of income or whose source of income does not meet social needs. And unemployment can also be an issue that takes on a meaning and significance due to the accumulation of unemployed people, while these unemployed people, from simple workers to businessmen, teachers, writers, artists, engineers, doctors, and other fields, can each contribute and be effective in the production of the country's economy.

Unemployment is apparently a phenomenon that arises as a result of the lack of balance between the supply and demand for labor and the excess of supply over demand. That is, on the one hand, the size and composition of the population, which itself has developed under the influence of past economic conditions, is considered as the main source and source of labor supply and production, as well as the educational system as a determinant of the level of professional awareness and technical and scientific capabilities of the labor force, and on the other hand, the production conditions and economic foundations of society as a provider of job opportunities and an attractor of labor.

Consequences of unemployment on Iranian society (material and spiritual impacts)

First, we must state in this section of the research that the effects of unemployment in any society leave two general effects on the body of the country's society: a material effect and a spiritual effect.
The material effect, such as the economic effect for both the unemployed individual and the country, which was discussed in the previous sections, but its spiritual effect is heavier than the material effect and its effect is irreparable, such as suicide.
The economic costs of unemployment in Iran, as a major economic challenge, are largely transparent and calculable, but the non-economic or spiritual consequences are usually hidden and not easily calculable.
Survey results show that unemployment is the most important factor in poverty in Iran. About 60% of suicides in Iran are directly related to the issue of unemployment.
The lack of suitable job opportunities for the educated and elite segments of Iranian society has led to the problem of brain drain, and it is estimated that between 100,000 and 225,000 Iranian professionals and educated people leave their country annually.
Statistics published by the Iranian Statistical Center have announced the number of unemployed people at 2 million 949 thousand. According to experts, one of the most important reasons for elite migration abroad is unemployment. Sociologists say that from the rising age of marriage to the increase in divorce rates in the past ten years, the footprint of unemployment is evident in all these social problems. Problems that ultimately lead to depression and frustration among young people lead to a decrease in social vitality despite having a young population. Sociologists even point to the number of addicts and consider unemployment to be one of the suspects in the youth addiction case.

If the main reason for the spread of unemployment is the decrease in aggregate demand, it is obvious that a set of monetary and fiscal policies that lead to an increase in aggregate demand is sufficient to reduce unemployment, but if other political factors, especially microeconomic factors, are involved in the spread of unemployment, then appropriate measures should be taken into account.

 All human beings need effort and activity to live their lives. The individual and social needs of individuals depend on work and effort, and society also needs labor to turn the wheel of production in all areas. In fact, the body of society suffers from any defect in any corner of this body. Unemployment is one of the biggest problems that disrupts the balance and equilibrium of society and causes numerous crises in the social, economic, psychological and political fields. Unemployment is actually the main highway of social problems and abnormalities, and its solution will solve many of the social, psychological and economic problems of society. The adverse effects of unemployment can be examined from the perspective of sociology, economics, politics, society and psychology, and each of them can be explained in detailed articles, but let's take a brief look at the harms of unemployment from the individual, family, social and economic aspects.

When a person does not work, he does not feel cheerful and cheerful. When working, a person finds enthusiasm, motivation and cheerfulness to continue life and feels useful and constructive. While an unemployed person feels worthless and inferior. Work increases social status and individual value. An active person in the family feels satisfied, and family members feel safe and calm with the head of the household. Unemployment in most cases causes tension in the family and disrupts peace, and economic problems and financial pressure on the family exacerbate disagreements between couples, and the status of the man in the family declines after losing his job, disrupting the balance of power in the family. An unemployed father cannot be a good role model for his children, and after losing self-esteem, he loses sufficient power and authority to run the family. All of this together reduces life satisfaction and exacerbates the occurrence of mental disorders, including depression. According to research, unemployment is one of the most important causes of depression. That is why in prisons of many countries, various jobs are considered for prisoners to spend their time in order to prevent many abnormalities from occurring in prison. Work increases a person's social mobility and provides the basis for his progress. In contrast, an unemployed person becomes isolated in society and cannot prove his abilities in social areas. Work improves the social status of individuals. Due to having the opportunity to work in his favorite field, an individual acquires social capital and, by increasing his level of education, gains income, status, and a better social position.

Unemployment is the most important cause of the increase in social crime, and the connection between increasing unemployment and increasing crime in society has long been proven. The decline in social relations and the weakening of the individual's connection with the community are other adverse effects of unemployment. A society in which unemployment is rooted will quickly witness a decline in positive social trends, and issues such as adaptation, cooperation, agreement versus conflict and opposition will lose their color. In such circumstances, the individual's individual and family needs are neglected, and he resorts to any means to meet his needs. In a balanced society, the specialized workforce is busy in its place, all people meet each other's needs, but unemployment creates a huge vacuum in society and makes it difficult to develop economic and social development indicators. Obviously, the first effect of unemployment is a decrease in income, and a decrease in income affects not only an individual and a family, but the entire society. In a society where supply and demand are not balanced, economic prosperity is not seen and mediation, brokering, resorting to fake jobs, and corruption increase. Reduced economic development and reduced social welfare are other adverse consequences of unemployment in society, and the poor who need assistance from support institutions are more in trouble than before.